Downslope windstorm in Iceland ? WRF/MM5 model comparison

International audienceA severe windstorm downstream of Mnt. Öræfajökull in Southeast Iceland is simulated on a grid of 1 km horizontal resolution by using the PSU/NCAR MM5 model and the Advanced Research WRF model. Both models are run with a new, two equation planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme as well as the ETA/MYJ PBL schemes. The storm is also simulated using six different micro-physics schemes in combination with the MYJ PBL scheme in WRF. Output from a 3 km MM5 domain simulation is used to initialise and drive both the 1 km MM5 and WRF simulations. Both models capture gravity-wave breaking over Mnt. Öræfajökull, while the vertical structure of the lee wave differs between the two models and the PBL schemes. The WRF simulated downslope winds, using the MYJ PBL scheme, are in good agreement with the strength of the observed downslope windstorm, whilst using the new two equation scheme surface winds are considerably less than observed winds. The MM5 simulated surface winds, with the new two equation model, are in better agreement with observations than when using the ETA scheme. Micro-physics processes are shown to play an important role in the formation of downslope windstorms and lifting of the upslope isotherm layer from mountain height to about 1.3 times the mountain height leads to a significant increase in the downslope windstorm

Geodetic mass balance record with rigorous uncertainty estimates deduced from aerial photographs and lidar data – Case study from Drangajökull ice cap, NW Iceland

In this paper we describe how recent high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) can be used to extract glacier surface DEMs from old aerial photographs and to evaluate the uncertainty of the mass balance record derived from the DEMs. We present a case study for Drangajokull ice cap, NW Iceland. This ice cap covered an area of 144 km(2) when it was surveyed with airborne lidar in 2011. Aerial photographs spanning all or most of the ice cap are available from survey flights in 1946, 1960, 1975, 1985, 1994 and 2005. All ground control points used to constrain the orientation of the aerial photographs were obtained from the high-resolution lidar DEM. The lidar DEM was also used to estimate errors of the extracted photogrammetric DEMs in ice-and snow-free areas, at nunataks and outside the glacier margin. The derived errors of each DEM were used to constrain a spherical semivariogram model, which along with the derived errors in ice-and snow-free areas were used as inputs into 1000 sequential Gaussian simulations (SGSims). The simulations were used to estimate the possible bias in the entire glaciated part of the DEM and the 95% confidence level of this bias. This results in bias correction varying in magnitude between 0.03m (in 1975) and 1.66m (in 1946) and uncertainty values between +/- 0.21m (in 2005) and +/- 1.58m (in 1946). Error estimation methods based on more simple proxies would typically yield 2-4 times larger error estimates. The aerial photographs used were acquired between late June and early October. An additional seasonal bias correction was therefore estimated using a degree-day model to obtain the volume change between the start of 2 glaciological years (1 October). This correction was largest for the 1960 DEM, corresponding to an average elevation change of -3.5m or approx. three-quarters of the volume change between the 1960 and the 1975 DEMs. The total uncertainty of the derived mass balance record is dominated by uncertainty in the volume changes caused by uncertainties of the SGSim bias correction, the seasonal bias correction and the interpolation of glacier surface where data are lacking. The record shows a glacier-wide mass balance rate of (B) over dot = -0.26 +/- 0.04m w.e.a(-1) for the entire study period (1946-2011). We observe significant decadal variability including periods of mass gain, peaking in 1985-1994 with (B) over dot = -0.27 +/- 0.11m w.e.a(-1). There is a striking difference when (B) over dot is calculated separately for the western and eastern halves of Drangajokull, with a reduction of eastern part on average similar to 3 times faster than the western part. Our study emphasizes the need for applying rigorous geostatistical methods for obtaining uncertainty estimates of geodetic mass balance, the importance of seasonal corrections of DEMs from glaciers with high mass turnover and the risk of extrapolating mass balance record from one glacier to another even over short distances.This work was carried out within SVALI funded by the Nordic Top-level Research Initiative (TRI) and is SVALI publication number 70. It was also financially supported by alpS GmbH. This work is a contribution to the Rannis grant of excellence project, ANATILS. We thank the National Land Survey of Iceland and Loftmyndir ehf. for acquisition and scanning of the aerial photographs. This study used the recent lidar mapping of the glaciers in Iceland that was funded by the Icelandic Research Fund, the Landsvirkjun Research Fund, the Icelandic Road Administration, the Reykjavik Energy Environmental and Energy Research Fund, the Klima- og Luftgruppen (KoL) research fund of the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Vatnajokull National Park, the organization Friends of Vatnajokull, the National Land Survey of Iceland and the Icelandic Meteorological Office.Peer Reviewe

Rivaroxaban Is Associated With Higher Rates of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Than Other Direct Oral Anticoagulants : A Nationwide Propensity Score-Weighted Study.

To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink belowBackground: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) rates for direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin have been extensively compared. However, population-based studies comparing GIB rates among different DOACs are limited. Objective: To compare rates of GIB among apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban. Design: Nationwide population-based cohort study. Setting: Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and the 4 regional hospitals in Iceland. Patients: New users of apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban from 2014 to 2019. Measurements: Rates of GIB were compared using inverse probability weighting, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and Cox regression. Results: In total, 2157 patients receiving apixaban, 494 patients receiving dabigatran, and 3217 patients receiving rivaroxaban were compared. For all patients, rivaroxaban had higher overall rates of GIB (3.2 vs. 2.5 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.42 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.93]) and major GIB (1.9 vs. 1.4 events per 100 person-years; HR, 1.50 [CI, 1.00 to 2.24]) compared with apixaban. Rivaroxaban also had higher GIB rates than dabigatran, with similar point estimates, although the CIs were wider and included the possibility of a null effect. When only patients with atrial fibrillation were included, rivaroxaban was associated with higher rates of overall GIB than apixaban (HR, 1.40 [CI, 1.01 to 1.94]) or dabigatran (HR, 2.04 [CI, 1.17 to 3.55]). Dabigatran was associated with lower rates of upper GIB than rivaroxaban in both analyses. Limitations: Unmeasured confounding and small subgroup analyses. Conclusion: Rivaroxaban was associated with higher GIB rates than apixaban and dabigatran regardless of treatment indication.Icelandic Centre for Research Landspitali University Hospital Research Fun